Lynching, segregation, Jim Crow laws

Table of Contents Introduction Lynching Segregation Jim Crow Laws Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Racism is a destructive form of discrimination. This is because is devalues other people’s identity and denies them their right to exercise power. It destroys the unity within a community and leads to social divisions. It violates the democratic right of equality and the fair treatment of all people.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lynching, segregation, Jim Crow laws specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One has to understand the nature and form of racism that exist if he has to succeed in countering it. It is a world wide phenomenon that has been experienced in many countries and it mainly results from economic, political, and social factors. This papers gives a brief overview of three forms of discrimination (Lynching, Segregation, and Jim Crow Laws) practiced against African American in the Uni ted States. Lynching Lynching can be defined as the illegal killing of an individual by the mob. It is defined as â€Å"any act of violence inflicted by a mob upon the body of another person which results in the death of the person† (Barry 218). A mob is defined as a group of two (or more populace) congregating as one without authorization of the relevant powers that be, for the premeditated intention and objective to commit an act of cruelty against another being. It is a practice that was common among the white and the African. The African were normally executed by the white simply because of the white superiority. However, the whites who protested against this execution were at very high risks of being executed. Lynching is normally carried out by execution, setting a blaze or shooting the alleged individual in order to discipline, scare, or take control over a certain populace no matter its size. It is a means of social control practiced by the superior community against its minors (Niels 201). The governing populace used to employ lynching, especially in times of fiscal pressure, as a means of tyrannizing those that opposed them. The vice was also a widespread norm in cooling (social) tensions. For instance, in America, lynching was used against the African Americans after the American civil war when the Africans were given the right to participate in elections. In 1980s, violence was high especially after the southern Americans regained their political power. More then three thousand African Americans were lynched towards the end of the 19th century (Niels 202).Advertising Looking for research paper on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Towards the beginning of the 20th century, new constitutions were created in America with provisions that disenfranchised most of the African Americans. They were not permitted to vote or to serve on juries. They were also excluded from participating in political activities. However, the Africans resistance to lynching increased significantly with the intellectuals encouraging them to protest against mob lynching. Various organizations and clubs were formed to raise funds that were used to protest against lynching. They were successful in their petitions, campaigns, and demonstrations since they helped in combating lynching. Today, lynching has been made illegal in many states including the United States. People who are found executing individuals through lynching are charged in a court of law. Segregation Segregation can be defined as the separation of persons into racial groups. It may apply in various activities such as attending school, shopping in the departmental stores, taking meals from a restaurant, or in the purchase of a house. Segregation is a practice that is forbidden but may be permitted by social norms. It is a kind of discrimination common in employment and in the purchase of houses. Certain races are discrimin ated against when purchasing a rental house or when seeking for employment. In America, legal segregation was permitted in many states especially in matters related to marriage. The blacks or the minority races were not allowed to intermarry with the whites. The law also prohibited interracial marriages even among the minority groups (Fireside 47). However, with time, some of these activities have been permitted. For instance, close contact (such as allowing people from dissimilar races to work for each other) is tolerable. Human classification into spatial segments is what is termed as segregation. In this arrangement there are those (educational) establishments as well as hospices that are for the whites and the African Americans should attend the same. Some races are allowed to use these institutions while blacks are discriminated against their use. This extends even in the business operations where people perform businesses with people from their own race or the preferred race. Social norms prohibit people from interacting with other races and this normally results in racial discrimination (Massey 20).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lynching, segregation, Jim Crow laws specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This occurs in social or political institutions. This occurs when these institutions discriminate the Africans from exercising their rights. These people are expected to conform to certain cultural assumptions which are deemed to reflect the dominant group. This form of discrimination is normally difficult to identify and also to counter, especially when the perpetrators view themselves as non-racist. The attitude, way of life, and behaviors of the white are extensively discussed over the media because they are seen as being reasonable and common although they do not exhibit the cultural diversity that is evident in America. Through the media, ideologies concerning racism are ar ticulated and later armored through group relations thereby forming a popular culture. As the government takes measures to address the discrimination imposed on the African American, racist beliefs are given first priority. The discrimination on the minority group (the African) is seen as being positive and confirmatory measures are seen as partisan treatment of one group by another rather than harassment by a popular group of people. Jim Crow Laws These were state laws enacted (1876-1965) in the US. The phrase Jim Crow is derived from â€Å"Jump Jim Crow†, a song about the blacks that was performed by a white actor. Later this phrase was used to refer to the African Americans and that’s how laws pertaining to racial segregation were given the name Jim Crow laws (Barnes 7). These laws allowed racial segregation in most of the public facilities. This resulted into inferior treatment of the African Americans by the whites. The white Americans received most of the public facilities in terms of education and access to social amenities. Jim Crow Laws are based on differences that are quite evident in values, customs, color, religion, perception about the world, and how people live. It also extends to the use of language where a certain group of people have negative attitudes towards the language used by others. Jim Crow Laws were applied in social or political institutions. This occurs when pubic institutions discriminate some groups of people from exercising their rights. These people are expected to conform to certain cultural assumptions which are deemed to reflect the dominant group.Advertising Looking for research paper on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These laws were not related to the Black codes (1800-1866) which inhibited communal rights and liberation of the blacks. In 1954, the Supreme Court declared segregation in pubic schools as unconstitutional and the remaining part of the Jim Crow Laws were rendered unconstitutional in 1964 by the Civil Rights Act (Harvey 50). Conclusion Although law recognizes the cultural rights of different races and gives them the right of speech, the media still recognizes the dominant group whose culture forms the norm to be emulated by other cultures. The government recognizes and appreciates the diverse cultures and allows them to enjoy their rights. However, it has not put strong measures to ensure that they are not discriminated against by the dominant group. These cultural rights are not included in the constitution making it hard for the blacks to fight for their rights. Works Cited Barnes A. Catherine Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit. Columbia: Columbia Universi ty Press, 1983. Barry A. Crouch â€Å"A Spirit of Lawlessness: White violence, Texas Blacks, 1865-1868,† Journal of Social History 18 (Winter 1984): 217–26. Fireside, Harvey. Separate and Unequal: Homer Plessy and the Supreme Court Decision That Legalized Racism. New York: Carroll Graf, 2004. Harvey, Fireside. Separate and Unequal: Homer Plessy and the Supreme Court Decision That Legalized Racism. New York: Prentice Hall, 2004. Massey S. Douglas. Segregation and stratification: A biosocial perspective Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 1: 7-25. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004 Niels A. Uildriks. Policing Insecurity: Police Reform, Security, and Human Rights in Latin America. New York: Rowman Littlefield, 2009 This research paper on Lynching, segregation, Jim Crow laws was written and submitted by user Falcon/SamWilson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Kiss by Gustav Klimt essays

The Kiss by Gustav Klimt essays In the art exhibition of 1908, there was a painting on display in a room reserved for Klimts pictures. This painting was entitled, Lovers by Klimt himself but is generally known today as The Kiss. Ludwig Hevesi, a critic of the time says, This Klimt hhall at the exhibition is the most remarkable assortment seen in Vienna since Markarts Dumba Room. A purely painterly painting (The Kiss), not possible before markart, a specific phenomena of color.....THe Modern Gallerys new lovers standin a sea of flowers, like Homers old Zeus on Mount Ida when hera embracd him once more and a carpet of flowers broke forht from the eart. And the lovers wear festive robes, just right for a festival of love. The whole world is festive again....The special Viennese modulation of feeling, newly arrived, is at long last to be recognized as the peoplpe begin to discover theres a place iin thier hearts for Klimt. Not long now and hell be our Klimt. Hevesi compared Klimt to Makart, Vienna had a new prince of painters. The Kiss did not presesnt society with a scandal, as so many of Klimts previous pictures had. On the contrary, the picture was recieved with enthusiasm frm the beginning, as is shown by how quickly it sold. It has remained one of Klimts most famous pieces of work, and has also become a symbol of the Vienna Jugendstil. The Kiss, at a glance represents happiness and love. Loked at more closely, with its precursors in mind, it reveals other components. In 1895, twelve years prior to the transitional phase in which he now was, Klimt had apinted the picture Love. In the earlier picture the lovers are shown in profile, the man holding the woman in his arms and bending his head towards hers. The light falls on the face of the woman, her eyes are closed, her head is tilted back and she loo ...

Hawaii Lodging & Tourism Association Research Paper - 1

Hawaii Lodging & Tourism Association - Research Paper Example nolulu offers a number of historical monuments and vibrant activities which include the King Kamehameha I Statue and the Iolani Palace meant for tourists attraction. The region is made up of several ethnic communities and cultural practices that forms a major attraction to tourists and visitors in Oahu Island. The people are very welcoming to visitors which makes it an ideal place for camping and leisure activities. Some of the hotels in the region include Ala Moana Hotel, The Modern Honolulu, Hawaii Prince Hotel Waikiki, Pagoda Hotel, Airport Honolulu Hotel, Waikiki Gateway Hotel, Hilton Hawaiian Village Waikiki Beach Resort among others. The hotels have specialized in various activities and dining sets which makes them stand out from one another. Local dishes can be found along the Kapahulu Avenue. The rates of the guestrooms can be obtained through online booking services such as Booking.com, TripAdvisor, Hotels.com and Expedia. Guests are offered with several shopping options due to many shopping outlets located in Oahu. The open air markets deal with bargain souvenirs and local produce. The Aloha Tower is known to be selling art and crafts items. Waikele premium outlets offers a wide range of big brands at discounted prices. Ala Moana shopping center has distinguished itself as the main family shopping center as it has a number of outlets that specialize on items that fit every family that visits the region (Mak, 2004). Quick movement around the facilities is facilitated by rental cars which offers the best form of transportation around the island. Another attractive event that guest should experience in the region of Oahu is the Luau which is a Hawaiian party accompanied with the areas traditional foods, music and cultural display. As a result of these factors, Oahu which means The Gathering Place offers the best destination for the association to carry out its activities. The Ala Moana Hotel is based in Honolulu in the state of Hawaii. The specific

Assisted Suicide, The Right to Die Research Paper

Assisted Suicide, The Right to Die - Research Paper Example l, social and cultural levels for decades and, even at the global level, this activity still does not seem to be able to reach any societal consensus about whether it is appropriate. However, assisted suicide allows individuals with varying health problems or handicaps to have a means to escape their complications and avoid the anguish of dying without a sense of personal decorum. Washington and Oregon are the only two states in the US where assisted suicide is a practice allowable by law (Ball and Mengewein, 2010). Since both states are located on the West coast, this might be representative of a cultural perspective that is quite different from the rest of the continental United States. Both of these states now support the perspective of different right-to-die organizations and protect the medical community from being the victims of lawsuits. The efforts of these states further supported what ended up being a victorious lawsuit in Montana, filed by truck driver Robert Baxter, a patient with lymphocytic leukemia, who actively challenged Montana’s homicide statute. Even though this particular case was victorious, Baxter died of his illness on December 5, 2008 which happened to be the exact same day that his case won in the First Judicial District Court in Helena (Blesch, 2009). However, this set the precedent for future lawsuits of this nature in suppo rt of the right-to-die agenda. Even at the global level, there is much progression in areas of assisted suicide, with Belgium taking the lead in support for euthanasia. In 2007, almost two percent of all deaths reported involved assisted suicide at the request of the patient, with the rate of the Belgium medical community withholding life-extending treatment increasing from 14.6 percent to 17.4 percent in just six years (Bilsen, Cohen, Chambaere and Pousset, 2009). At the global level, these measurable increases in assisted suicide show that there is an active, global market looking for alternatives to prolonged

Beyond Auto Dependence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Beyond Auto Dependence - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  the development of cities is dependent on the adoption of a sustainable mode of transport. The future of the cities is defined by the extent to which automobile can be discarded for alternative economic establishments. Cities should endeavor to improve urban centers and enhance the public spaces meant for cyclists and pedestrians. Kenworthy  states that it is necessary to ''improve the urban centers and enhance the public space for pedestrians and cyclists.''   The infrastructure design should take into consideration the plight of the populations that use the pathways or cycle to various destinations. The development of freeways promotes the use of cars yet such propensities extract the land that can otherwise be used for other essential development.As the study highlights  cities should introduce welfare structures that allow citizens to share cars and bicycles. Car-on-demand schemes should be introduced in various jurisdictions to reduce ca r ownership. Car ownership is responsible for the congestion that is witnessed in urban settings. Kenworthy notes that it is important to ''introduce vehicle car and bike sharing and car-on-demand schemes to help reduce car ownership''. Congestion should be penalized to discourage the ownership and embrace sharing.  The use of trains for transportation is testimony that the possibility of people sharing in terms of mobility is high.     

Analysis of Efficiency of Solar PV Cell

Analysis of Efficiency of Solar PV Cell The efficiency estimation is the most frequently method used to compare the performance of solar cells. This method can be defined as the ratio of power output from the solar cell over the irradiance power output. In addition of estimating the performance of the solar cell itself, the efficiency depends on the spectrum, intensity of sunlight and the temperature of the solar cell (Fouladi et al., 2013). The efficiency of solar cells can be estimated using the following Equation 3.15: ÃŽ · Where I is the output current, V is the voltage, A is the aperture surface area of the PV module. P is the electrical power generated, GT is the solar radiation flux on module plane (W/m2) and ÃŽ · is the cell/module electrical efficiency. The panel efficiency is effected by the cell temperature and irradiance and this effect in efficiency can by estimated by connecting the existing environment conditions to a reference condition using the following Equation 3.16 (Fouladi et al., 2013): ÃŽ ·ref is the cell efficiency at the reference temperature, Tref (typically 25 Â ºC), 1000 W/m2 is the reference solar irradiance. ÃŽ ² is the temperature coefficient and ÃŽ ³ is the solar irradiance coefficient and both coefficients depend on the PV materials. From Equation 3.16, it can be noticed that an increase in cell temperature (TC) would result in decrease in efficiency (Fouladi et al., 2013). The value of ÃŽ ³ is often assumed to be zero and Equation 3.17 will be: ÃŽ ·ref and ÃŽ ² values are given by the manufacturers. However, the can be estimated using a flash test in which the cell’s electrical output is measured at two different temperatures for given solar radiation flux (Hart and Raghuraman, 1982; Skoplaki and Palyvos, 2009). The actual value of ÃŽ ² it depends on Tref along with the dependence on PV materials and it can be given by Equation 3.18: T0 is the temperature at which the electrical efficiency of the PV module reach is zero (Garg and Agarwal, 1995; Skoplaki and Palyvos, 2009). For crystalline silicon solar cells the highest temperature in at which the PV module electricity drops to Zero is 270 Â ºC (Evans and Florschuetz, 1978; Skoplaki and Palyvos, 2009). The output voltage decreases significantly with the increase of the cell temperature and that causes the current to increase slightly. Nominal operation cell temperature method (NOCT) is used to estimate the cell temperature. This method estimates the cell temperature by measure the cell temperature of an open-rack PV module under an open circuit and in a standard reference environment Fouladi et al., 2013). The solar radiation is estimated typically to be 800W/m2 (GT, NOCT) and the PV panel is tilted 45Â º from the horizontal and exposed to 20 Â ºC air (Ta, NOCT) at 1 m/s. Equation 3.19 can be expressed as (Fouladi et al., 2013): Tc = Where UL is the thermal loss coefficient, Ta is the air temperature and GT is the irradiance on the plane of the panel. Coefficient Ï„ is the solar transmittance of glazing and coefficient ÃŽ ± is the solar absorptance of the PV layer. ÃŽ · is the electrical efficiency. According to (Duffie and Beckham, 1980; Fouladi et al., 2013), the term is negligible so Equation 3.20 will become: Tc = UL which is the overall heat loss for the panel can be estimated using the following Equation 3.20: UL = Where h is the convective heat loss coefficient and qrad is the radiation heat loss from the panel. There are other environmental factors that can influence the performance and the efficiency of the PV cells other than the temperature such as (Mekhilef et al., 2012): Dust Dust accumulation on the surface of PV panel reduces the amount of irradiance required for PV cell to reach maximum efficiency. The excessive accumulation of dust decreases the quality of the solar cells. Humidity: The effect of the humidity it is somehow comparable to the effect of the dust. The water vapor particles decreases the level of the sunlight irradiance needed for the PV panel to reach the maximum efficiency. When the PV surface becomes moist, the light is scattered either by reflection, diffraction or refraction when it comes in contact with the water droplets. Beside the environmental factors that affect the efficiency of the PV panel, there are technical factors that are based on electricity generation system that also can influence the efficiency of the module such as (Darwish et al., 2013): Effect of tilt angle: The tilt angle is one of major factors that determine the performance of the PV panels. The variation of the angle that the system is set with can control the level of the dust disposition on the glass and the amount of irradiance transmission of the plate under various weather conditions. Effect of PV Technology Photovoltaic technology is classified into two groups which are silicon crystalline and thin film. Each group of PV modules consists of different types of solar cells. These different types of solar cell vary also in their efficiencies, resistance to high temperatures and also resistance to harsh environment locations. The investigations found that a-Si performs best in dusty environment. Effect of Cleaning There are four methods to remove the dust and reduce the effect of the dust on the PV glass panel such as; (1) Natural, (2) Mechanical, (3) electro-mechanical and (4) electrostatic. The natural cleaning method is considered to be the simplest removal method because it depends on the rainfall and wind clearing. References Fouladi, F. Henshaw, P. and Ting, S. D. K. (2013): Enhancing Smart Grid realization with accurate prediction of photovoltaic performance based on weather forecast, International Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. (70), no. (5), pp. 754-764, DOI: 10.1080/00207233.2013.798497 Skoplaki, E. and Palyvos, J. A. (2009): On the temperature dependence of photovoltaic module electrical performance: A review of efficiency/power correlations, Solar Energy, vol. (83), pp. 614–624 Hart, G.W. and Raghuraman, P. (1982): Simulation of thermal aspects of residential photovoltaic systems. MIT Report DOE/ET/20279-202. Garg, H.P. and Agarwal, R .K. (1995): Some aspects of a PV/T collector/forced circulation flat plate solar water heater with solar cells. Energy Conversion and Management, vol. (36), pp. 87–99. Evans, D.L. and Florschuetz, L.W. (1978): Terrestrial concentrating photovoltaic power system studies. Solar Energy vol. (20), pp. 37–43. Duffie, J.A. and Beckman, W.A., 1980, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, 2nd ed. (New York: John Wiley and Sons). Mekhilef, S. Saidur, R. and Kamalisarvestani, M. (2012): Effect of dust, humidity and air velocity on efficiency of photovoltaic cells, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. (16), pp. 2920-2925. Darwish, Z. A. Kazem, H. A. Sopian, K. Alghoul, M. A. and Chaichan, M. T. (2013): Impact of Some Environmental Variables with Dust on Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Performance: Review and Research Status, vol. (7), no. (4), pp. 152-159

The Matrix Essay -- Argumentative Movie Film Matrix Essays

The Matrix The Matrix is a science fiction movie about artificial intelligence computers replacing mankind. I believe that this movie is a common type of display from the media is common paranoia so that they can get a reaction from people and sell their story. In the case of The Matrix, the movie dazzles people with awesome special effects using modern computer technology, which I find ironic. I find it self-conflicting and hypocritical for the media to use modern computer technology for their own good to show people how bad technology is. Amy Bruckman and Howard Rheingold would probably find this movie interesting in that it disagrees and agrees with certain aspects about their beliefs about the use of computers. The Matrix specifically shows how advanced technology such as artificial intelligence (A.I.) may one day get out of the control of the people and become a dangerous enemy to mankind. It turns out that in the movie people believe that they are living normal lives in the 90's as common businessmen and families as we do today, when in reality the time is later in the 21st century and people are hooked up to machines in pods where they are merely interpreting electrical signals which tells them that the they are alive in the 90's. They call this set up The Matrix. The artificial intelligence machines put these people in these pods for their whole lives where they never use a muscle in their body; they only think that they are moving and living normal lives.The reason why the artificial intelligence machines put people into pods is because the sky is scorched and there is no source of electricity, so the A.I. units found an alternate source of energy: humans. The star of the Movie, Neo, is enlightened by one of ... ...ul people can benefit people. Personally, I don't believe that true artificial intelligence can ever be reached. I believe that a computer can be so advanced that it may appear to be thinking on it's own, but only because a man programmed it to think in such away. I don't think that a computer can teach itself common sense and the true ability to reason between right and wrong like humans can. And since I believe this, I see no problem in expanding technology and making online communities as Rheingold and Bruckman would. Works Cited The Matrix. Larry Wachowski, DVD, Warner Brothers, 1999 Bruskman, Amy. "Finding One's Own in Cyberspace" Composing Cyberspace Edited by Rich Holeton, San Fransisco: McGraw Hill, 1998, 171-180 Rheingold, Howard. "The Heart of the Well" " Composing Cyberspace Edited by Rich Holeton, San Fransisco: McGraw Hill, 1998, 151-163

Differentiation or Cost Leadership

The textbook suggests that there are only two generic strategies available to a firm: differentiation or cost leadership. Both strategies can be applied either into a focused market or a broad market. Do you agree that these are the only two strategies available? Are they mutually exclusive? Why or why not? Porter's Generic Strategies Target ScopeAdvantageAdvantage Low CostProduct Uniqueness Broad(Industry Wide)Cost Leadership StrategyDifferentiation Strategies Narrow (Market Segment)Focus Strategy(low cost)Focus Strategy(differentiation)Generally ,as per the Porter's Generic Strategies there are only two strategies are available to the firm i. e. , differentiation and cost leadership. These strategies are the strength of the market which is independent of the product and industry. Along with these two strategies the focus strategy is also there which is the combination of low cost and differentiation strategy. The Focus strategy help firms to provide the unique good quality product with the low cost that focus on the Narrow Market segments. Advantage with the Focus Strategy is that it helps the both customer and organization side.Customers fulfil their needs within their budget and organization also gain its profits but the implementation of the Focus Strategy is very risky which required more studies of the market and about competitors. As per my aspects Focus strategy really helps the organization to able to produce the good quality of product within the customer budgets which also focus on the market demand. Daft, R. L. (2010). Management (9th ed. ). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. ISBN: 13-9780324595840 Ref: Porter's Generic Strategies

24 formas de sacar permiso de residencia green card

24 formas de sacar permiso de residencia green card Son muchas las formas para emigrar legalmente  a Estados Unidos y obtener el permiso de residencia permanente, tambià ©n conocida como la green card o tarjeta verde. Esta tarjeta de residencia autoriza a  vivir y trabajar en Estados Unidos sin là ­mite de tiempo e, incluso, da la opcià ³n de solicitar  convertirse en ciudadano americano por medio de la naturalizacià ³n. Los caminos para obtener la preciada green card  son muy variados. A continuacià ³n se describen las opciones de las que se dispone, pero hay que tener en cuenta que los trmites, los requisitos,  y los tiempos de demora de todo el proceso son muy diferentes. Se finaliza este artà ­culo con una explicacià ³n de dà ³nde pueden surgir los problemas que retrasan o hacen imposible sacar la green card. 1- Green card por matrimonio con ciudadano americano   El  matrimonio con un ciudadano americano es una de las formas ms comunes y rpidas de obtener la residencia permanente. Sin embargo, sà ³lo casarse no significa que se obtenga la residencia de forma automtica sino que el cà ³nyuge ciudadano debe solicitarla. Adems, la presentacià ³n de la peticià ³n  tampoco significa que siempre se pueda sacar. La residencia permanente por matrimonio es tanto en los casos de matrimonios heterosexuales como los formados por dos personas del mismo sexo. Aclarar que no se puede obtener la ciudadanà ­a americana por casarse con ciudadano, lo que se saca es la residencia y, al cabo de tres aà ±os de tiempo casado con un ciudadano, entonces el residente puede solicitar la naturalizacià ³n y, asà ­, hacerse ciudadano. Finalmente seà ±alar que los ciudadanos tienen a su alcance la opcià ³n de solicitar una  visa K-1 para traer a sus novios o prometidas  y, una vez en Estados Unidos, casarse y aplicar por un  ajuste de estatus  como paso para obtener la residencia.   2- Green card solicitada por ciudadano para hijos solterosmenores de 21 aà ±os Estos casos aplican a hijos biolà ³gicos o adoptados y tambià ©n a  hijastro de ciudadano americano, si bien, en este à ºltimo, caso aplican reglas especiales. Estas peticiones son rpidas, tomando generalmente menos de 1 aà ±o. 3-Green card para viudos de ciudadanos Los viudos de ciudadanos americanos pueden solicitar, en determinados casos, la green card para sà ­ mismos.   4- Green card para hijastrosde ciudadanos fallecidos Para beneficiarse los hijastros de ciudadanos fallecidos deben cumplir con varios requisitos, entre ellos, ser solteros y de 21 aà ±os.   5- Green card para padre o madre de ciudadano Los hijos de ciudadanos deben de tener 21 aà ±os cumplidos para poder solicitar la green card para cualquiera de sus padres.  El simplemente  ser padre o madre de un nià ±o ciudadano  no da derechos migratorios. 6- Green card para hijo de ciudadano que est soltero y es mayor de 21 Es lo que se conoce como un F1. Las demoras en estas tramitaciones est entre los 6 y los 20 aà ±os, dependiendo del caso,  y se pueden verificar en el boletà ­n de visas. 7-Green card para hijo casado de ciudadano, sin importar su edad Esta peticià ³n, tambià ©n llamada categorà ­a F3,  se demora por aà ±os, incluso dà ©cadas, siendo mayor la espera para el caso de los mexicanos que para el resto de Latinoamà ©rica y Espaà ±a.   8-Green card para hermanos de ciudadanos Esta tarjeta de residencia que se conoce como categorà ­a F4  se encuentra entre las que tienen una demora mayor. Sà ³lo los ciudadanos mayores de 21 aà ±os pueden pedir a sus hermanos. 9- Green card para cà ³nyuge de residente permanente Estas peticiones, que se conocen como categorà ­a F2A, son muy parecidas a las que pueden presentar los ciudadanos, sin embargo, su tramitacià ³n se diferencia en puntos importantes. Por ejemplo, se demoran ms las solicitudes de residentes. Otra diferencia importante es que los cà ³nyuges de residentes que estn como indocumentados en Estados Unidos en ningà ºn caso pueden ajustar su estatus, sin embargo, en el caso de los cà ³nyuges de ciudadanos, à ©stos pueden hacerlo siempre y cuando hubieran ingresado legalmente a EE.UU. En la prctica esta diferencia tiene importantes consecuencias legales ya que los indocumentados que no pueden ajustar su estatus y deben salir del paà ­s para ir a la entrevista consular se encuentran con que les aplica el castigo de los 3 o de los 10 aà ±os por presencia ilegal. 10- Green card para hijos solteros de residentes permanentes Estos son los tiempos de demora para este tipo de peticiones.  En este caso caben dos situaciones: para menores de 21 aà ±os, que se conoce como categorà ­a F2A, y para mayores de dicha edad, que son los F2B. En ningà ºn caso los residentes pueden pedir a sus hijos casados. 11- Green card por suerte por medio de la loterà ­a Al ganar una de las 50,000 visas de inmigrante que se sortean cada aà ±o fiscal en la  loterà ­a de la diversidad. Participar en este sorteo es gratuito y se abre la inscripcià ³n en el mes de octubre, permaneciendo abierta por un mes y producià ©ndose el sorteo al aà ±o siguiente en primavera. 12- Green card por inversià ³n que cree puestos de trabajo Invirtiendo un mà ­nimo de medio millà ³n de dà ³lares, mediante la visa EB-5. Se admite una inversià ³n directa creando una empresa o una indirecta, siendo posible  diversas modalidades. A diferencia de lo que ocurre en otros paà ­ses, en Estados Unidos la inversià ³n en una casa u otro bien raà ­z por sà ­ misma no es causa para obtener la tarjeta de residencia. Ya que es necesario que se trate de inversià ³n en un negocio. 13- Green card por autopatrocinio Peticià ³n para uno mismo sin necesidad de patrocinador de la tarjeta de residencia mediante una visa EB-1 en el caso de profesionales con una habilidad extraordinaria en Arte, Ciencias, Deporte, Educacià ³n o Negocios. Ejemplo: ganadores de premios Oscar, olimpiadas, premios Pulitzer o semejantes. Realmente el standard para cumplir con estos requisitos es muy alto. 14- Green card por trabajo en las categorà ­as EB 1, EB2 y EB3 En estos casos es necesario que una empresa o institucià ³n de los Estados Unidos patrocine ante las autoridades de inmigracià ³n al empleado extranjero. Mediante la visa EB-1 para profesores e investigadores de extraordinaria capacidad y gerentes o ejecutivos de multinacionales.Por la EB-2 para licenciados con al menos cinco aà ±os de experiencia laboral o con una habilidad excepcional en Arte, Negocios o Ciencias.Mediante la EB-3 para licenciados, trabajadores con formacià ³n profesional que requiere al menos dos aà ±os de estudios prcticos o de experiencia laboral y tambià ©n para trabajadores sin ningà ºn tipo de formacià ³n profesional pero que desarrollan una labor que no es temporal y para la que no hay trabajadores disponibles en Estados Unidos.   15- Green cardpor categorà ­a de inmigrantes especiales Mediante este camino instituciones y empresas estadounidenses pueden patrocinar mediante una EB-4 a las siguientes categorà ­as de trabajadores: Sacerdotes, monjas, ministros religiosos que lleven al menos dos aà ±os como tales.Periodistas, reporteros, escritores, traductores, productores y trabajadores semejantes que trabajen para el BBG (Radio Free Asia, Radio Liberty, etc).Mà ©dicos.Miembros de las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos.Trabajadores de organizaciones internacionales.Traductores afganos e iraquà ­es.Iraquà ­es que han ayudado de alguna manera a los Estados Unidos.Empleados de la Zona del Canal de Panam.Trabajadores jubilados de la OTAN o, si han fallecido, sus viudos e hijos. 16- Green card para cubanos Obviamente, los cubanos pueden obtener la green card de todas las formas admitidas para otros nacionales, pero adems y por aplicacià ³n de la Ley de Ajuste Cubano, pueden solicitar la green card  despuà ©s de un aà ±o en Estados Unidos. Desde que se puso fin a la polà ­tica de pies secos, pies mojados es siendo imprescindible que el ingreso se hubiera realizado  de forma legal. En otras palabras, porque en el control migratorio se le permitià ³ el ingreso como admitido o recibià ³ un parole. 17- Green card para asilados Las personas que han ganado un caso de asilo pueden solicitar una tarjeta de residencia para sà ­ mismo y tambià ©n para su familia inmediata. 18-Green card para refugiados Las figuras de refugiado y de asilado son muy parecidas, pero hay importantes diferencias entre ellas. Los refugiados que solicitan la tarjeta de residencia para sà ­ mismos tambià ©n pueden solicitarla para familiares inmediatos. 19- Green card para và ­ctimas de violencia Se pueden beneficiar de esta opcià ³n las personas extranjeras và ­ctimas de violencia a las que previamente se les ha aprobado una visa U. En este punto hay que entender muy bien los requisitos de dicha visa, ya que da lugar a muchas confusiones.   El ser và ­ctima de violencia no da derecho, por ese mero hecho, a obtener la visa U. 20- Green card para và ­ctimas de violencia domà ©stica El programa VAWA abre el camino para la green card para los cà ³nyuges de ciudadanos o de residentes permanentes que han sufrido violencia domà ©stica. 21-Green card para và ­ctimas de trata de personas Para poder solicitar la tarjeta de residencia es necesario tener previamente aprobada la visa T. 22- Green card porradicar en Estados Unidos por mucho tiempo Por vivir de forma continuada en EEUU desde el uno de enero de 1972 o antes y poder demostrarlo. Es lo que se denomina residencia por el registry. En contra de lo que muchos migrantes creen, por vivir 10 aà ±os en Estados Unidos no se obtiene la green card. En algunos casos de migrantes con procedimientos de deportacià ³n abiertos, serà ­a posible obtener una cancelacià ³n de la deportacià ³n. 23-Green card por ser inmigrantes juveniles especiales: SIJ Los menores de 21 aà ±os que estn solteros a los que el gobierno de Estados Unidos ha colocado bajo la custodia de un guardin o de una institucià ³n pà ºblica o privada porque han sido abusados o abandonados por uno de sus padres o los dos. A este grupo de muchachos se les conoce como Inmigrantes Juveniles Especiales o SIJ, por sus siglas en inglà ©s. 24- Green card por orden judicial de un juez en Corte migratoria En un caso de deportacià ³n, un juez de inmigracià ³n puede sentenciar que el extranjero se puede quedar, ajustar su estatus y, asà ­, conseguir una tarjeta de residencia. Tiempos de demora en la tramitacià ³n de la green card Cada categorà ­a tiene sus propios tiempos. En la actualidad ms de un millà ³n de personas obtienen la green card cada aà ±o fiscal. Algunos han esperado solamente unos meses, mientras que otros han tenido que esperarse incluso ms de 25 aà ±os para que hubiera una visa de inmigrante disponible para ellos. Esto se debe a que en muchas categorà ­as existen là ­mites anuales al nà ºmero de peticiones que pueden ser aprobadas y el nà ºmero de solicitudes es superior al de visas disponibles, En estos casos se produce al demora que, cada aà ±o, aumenta ms. Cundo es posible no pagar por aplicacià ³n para la residencia En casos de residencia por circunstancias especiales (inmigrantes juveniles con este estatus reconocido, registry, visa T, visa U, etc) serà ­a posible calificar para estar exento de pagar la tarifa de este trmite migratorio para obtener la residencia. Causas por las que la tramitacià ³n no acaba bien A pesar de cumplir los requisitos para calificar para un camino para la obtencià ³n de la green card el proceso puede no completarse por diversas causas. Por ejemplo, en el caso de peticiones de familia porque no se tengan recursos suficientes para patrocinar. Pero los problemas suelen surgir porque la persona que aspira a la green card es considerada inadmisible para los Estados Unidos. Las causas pueden ser muy distintas, desde rà ©cord de delitos a estancia ilegal en el paà ­s. Dependiendo de las razones y de las circunstancias del caso, puede que sea posible solicitar un perdà ³n, tambià ©n conocido como waiver o permiso. Pero en otros casos ser imposible. Lo mejor es asesorarse con un buen abogado. Por su frecuencia, es muy importante saber cà ³mo puede afectar la presencia ilegal en Estados Unidos, actual o en el pasado y tambià ©n los fraudes migratorios. De interà ©s para potenciales migrantes Estados Unidos es un paà ­s diferente. En muchos casos, hay leyes, costumbres, impuestos, derechos, deberes, etc se desconocen.  Y como consecuencia de esa ignorancia, en ocasiones se acaban teniendo  problemas  muy serios aun cuando no se tenà ­a la intencià ³n. Por ello, no hay nada mejor que conocer las cosas bsicas que se deben conocer y las que se deben evitar.  Si es posible  se recomienda  informarse antes de emigrar.   Es tambià ©n importante saber que vez que una persona se convierte en residente tiene que esperar un tiempo antes de aplicar por la ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n. La espera depende de varios factores . Adems, es necesario tomar un examen de inglà ©s y de conocimientos cà ­vicos y de historia. Numerosas organizaciones en todo el paà ­s brindan clases gratuitas para preparar el examen para la ciudadanà ­a. Finalmente, si se est abierto a emigrar a un paà ­s que no sea Estados Unidos, estos son 20 paà ­ses en los que es posible comprar la ciudadanà ­a o/y la residencia. Las cantidades y las condiciones varà ­an entre los distintos programas. Test de respuestas mà ºltiples sobre la residencia permanente Se recomienda tomar este quiz o test de respuestas mà ºltiples, con sus respuestas correctas, para garantizar el conocimiento esencial sobre la green card. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The Great Gatsby Essay essays

The Great Gatsby Essay essays F. Scott Fitzgerald was a man of the roaring twenties and its fast paced lifestyle. The Great Gatsby is a novel of this lifestyle and the American society of that time. There was a great bunch of optimism during this time when many were living a life of luxury or the American dream. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald shows the greedy and materialistic lifestyle lived and pursued by many Americans in the 1920s through Gatsbys parties, background, and funeral. Though Jay Gatsby has mostly lived the American Dream, his life ends in misery and unexpected death, despite his wealth and success. Gatsby throws extravagant parties in which many people from all over New York come to get drunk and have a good time. Most of Gatsbys guests are not invited, they just show up. While they are there, many people speculate about the identity of their host for no one person really knows the truth. Some have insisted that he was educated at Oxford; some, that he was an ax murderer; and some, that he was a German spy during the war. This just shows how unappreciative the guests are of Gatsby for throwing this party for them. There is tons of food and expensive hors doeuvre, plenty of lights, and a real bar indoors w/ all kinds of liquor for all who attended. Yet, no one is thankful to Gatsby for what he has provided; they just use him and the party for themselves. Not only do they not show they are thankful to him, they show no respect: Once there they were introduced by somebody who knew Gatsby and after that they conducted themselves according to the rules of behavior associated with amusement parks. Sometimes they came and went without having met Gatsby at all, came for the party with a simplicity of heart that was its own ticket of admission.(45) These guests really were not very mannerly guests at all. They came and took everything Gatsby offered and left without a care in the world about Gatsby. All ...

Australian Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

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